This subjective assessment is then compared with how well they actually performed. For example, the participants in a study may be asked to complete a quiz and then estimate how well they performed. The Dunning–Kruger effect is usually measured by comparing self-assessment with a measure of objective performance. In popular culture, the Dunning–Kruger effect is often misunderstood as a claim about general overconfidence of people with low intelligence instead of specific overconfidence of people unskilled at a particular task.
Some researchers also include the opposite effect for high performers: their tendency to underestimate their skills.
The Dunning–Kruger effect is a cognitive bias whereby people with low ability, expertise, or experience regarding a certain type of task or area of knowledge tend to overestimate their ability or knowledge.
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